If you are a non-EU national intending to relocate to an EU country for employment, education, or family reunification, you may be eligible for certain rights under EU immigration regulations. While the EU and its member states share responsibilities in this domain, the final decision on individual immigration applications rests with each member state. In areas where no specific EU rules exist, individual countries have the authority to establish their own criteria for granting residence and work permits.

It is essential to apply for a visa or residence permit directly through the authorities of the EU country to which you plan to move. No EU institution processes applications or issues visas or residence permits on behalf of individual member states.

The EU’s common immigration and visa rules apply to the following categories looking to move to an EU country for longer than 90 days:

• Highly qualified workers
• Intra-corporate transferees (non-EU nationals with a work contract in a company established outside of the EU, who are offered a role in a branch of the organisation in an EU country)
• Seasonal workers
• Researchers
• Students
• Trainees and volunteers (there are EU rules on exchange pupils and au pairs that EU countries may decide to apply in their national legislation).

If you are from a country from outside the EU, and you are staying legally in an EU country, the rules (in all EU countries except Denmark and Ireland) also allow you to:

• Bring family members with you
• Become a long-term resident after 5 years of residence

If you are currently staying irregularly in an EU country, you may have a chance to gain legal status through regularisation policies. The latter can help you especially if you have been living in a country for several years or arrived before a specific date; they also consider humanitarian needs, such as medical reasons or family ties, and can benefit victims of trafficking. If you have been contributing positively to society or the economy, this could support your case as well.

1. EU Immigration Portal: practical info about coming to work or study in the EU for more than 90 days

https://immigration-portal.ec.europa.eu/index_en

2. Which category do I fit into?

https://immigration-portal.ec.europa.eu/general-information/what-category-do-i-fit_en

3. Practical Info to study in Europe

As an EU national working in the European Union, you enjoy certain rights under EU law. For example, you do not need a permit to work in any EU country, either for an employer or as a self-employed person; Ii you meet certain conditions, you can live in the country where you work; in your workplace abroad, you also enjoy the same rights as nationals of that country (pay, health & safety, social security and tax advantages and reinstatement if you are wrongfully dismissed).

As a non-EU national, you may have the right to work in the EU and to be treated equally with EU nationals about work conditions. These rights depend on your nationality or on your status as family members of EU nationals.

EU Blue Cards are issued by EU member states to third-country nationals, allowing them to reside in the EU for employment. Established under Council Directive 2009/50/EC, the Blue Card aims to attract highly qualified workers to fill job shortages in specific sectors.

If you are a national of a country that has no agreement with the EU, your right to work in an EU country depends on the national laws of that country.

If you are in a family relationship with an EU citizen, you:

• Do not need a work permit to work
• Have the right to equal treatment, including access to all social and tax advantages

1. EU blue card application

https://apply.eu/

2. Work Permits (FAQ)

When you become a naturalised citizen of an EU country, you automatically gain EU citizenship. The requirements and application procedures for naturalisation vary by country. Typically, you can become a naturalised citizen if you have lived and worked in an EU country for a specified number of years. Alternatively, you may qualify for citizenship through marriage to an EU citizen or by descent if one of your parents or grandparents was a citizen.

It is important to note that some EU countries may require you to renounce your current citizenship to obtain citizenship there, so we recommend you to check details by country in the link next.

EU citizens have the right to:

• Non-discrimination based on nationality
• Move and reside freely within the EU
• Vote for and stand as a candidate in European Parliament and municipal elections
• Consular protection (help from the embassy or consulate of any other EU country to EU citizens in distress in a country outside the EU where they have no embassy or consulate of their own country)
• Petition the European Parliament and complain to the European Ombudsman
• Launch or support a European Citizens’ initiative, asking the European Commission to propose legislation on an issue that matters to them
• Contact and receive from any EU institution in one of the EU's official languages

Naturalisation requirements by country

https://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/residence/residence-rights/naturalisation/index_en.htm#:~:text=You can usually become a,or grandparent was a citizen.

European Citizenship

Social norms and etiquette in Europe can vary significantly between countries, but there are some general practices that are widely observed across the continent.

Handshakes are a common form of greeting in most European countries, while in Southern Europe, it is customary to exchange kisses on the cheeks.

Punctuality is generally appreciated and considered polite, especially in professional settings and in countries like Germany and Switzerland.

Europeans tend to dress more formally compared to some other regions, with neat, stylish clothing often preferred, particularly in business environments and social gatherings.

Table manners are important, with customs such as keeping hands on the table (but not elbows) during meals and saying "Bon appétit" in France before starting a meal.

When invited to someone’s home, it is customary to bring a small gift, such as flowers or a bottle of wine, though it is best to avoid giving chrysanthemums as they are associated with funerals.

Respecting personal space is important, with Northern Europeans typically preferring more personal space than Southern Europeans. Forming orderly queues and waiting your turn is expected in most public places, and speaking softly in public is generally appreciated, as making loud or disruptive noise is considered rude.

1.General and common cultural practices in Europe

Cultural sensitivity in Europe is crucial due to its diverse mix of languages, traditions, and social norms.

Respecting this diversity involves avoiding assumptions about backgrounds or beliefs and trying to learn basic local phrases. Understanding historical and cultural significance, respecting religious practices, and adapting to varying social norms are important.

1.Studies about religion and culture in Europe

Access to adequate and affordable housing for migrants is one of the priorities of the European Commission’s 2021-2027 actional plan on integration and inclusion. You may find valuable housing services and advice at integration centres, particularly in countries with a long history of immigration. In other places, civil society organisations often step in to provide support, sometimes funded by the EU.

If you are seeking medium/long-term housing solutions tailored to migrants, know that these options are typically available for individuals with international protection or temporary protection status. If you have short-term/long-term residency, you may not qualify for targeted measures. However, you might be eligible for general housing programmes available to anyone with legal residency, despite citizenship.

If you are an unaccompanied minor or a victim of trafficking, there are specialised services available to support you. These services often focus on your unique needs and may also include resources tailored for specific groups, such as the LGBTIQ community. For instance, the Rainbow Refugee Welcome project website (link 1) shows LGBTIQ shelters and places across Europe where good practices have been put in place to better answer LGBTIQ refugees’ needs.

1.Rainbow Refugee Welcome

https://rainbowelcome.eu/map/

2.Caritas Europe

https://www.caritas.eu/

3.Red Cross

As an immigrant looking for employment services in Europe, start by visiting local employment agencies and job centres, which can provide valuable resources and guidance. Many cities have specific services for immigrants, so inquire about specialised programmes that can help you. Networking is crucial, so join local community groups, attend job fairs, and participate in workshops to meet potential employers and learn about job openings.

Then, utilise online job portals and websites dedicated to immigrant employment, such as the EURES job mobility portal. EURES (European Employment Services) is a cooperation network involving the European Commission, the European Labour Authority, and public employment services in EU countries, as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland.

1.(Eures) European employment services

To get linguistic support in Europe, start by enrolling in language courses at local community centres, schools, or universities, as many municipalities offer free or subsidised classes specifically for immigrants. Participate in language exchange programmes or conversation clubs at libraries and cultural centres to practise speaking with native speakers. Immerse yourself in the local language through daily interactions, such as speaking with neighbours, shopping at local markets, or joining community activities. Volunteering is another excellent way to practise while contributing to the community.

Do not hesitate to seek help from social workers or counsellors at migrant integration centres, who can guide you to the best resources and support systems available for language learning. Taking these steps will improve your language skills and help you integrate more effectively into your new community.

Studying languages might be challenging at the beginning, so starting a course from the OLS might be helpful. The Online Language Support (OLS) provided by the European Union is an online tool designed for participants in the European Solidarity Corps and Erasmus programmes.

1.OLS (online language support)

https://youthforeurope.eu/ols-online-language-support/

To get legal aid in Europe, start by visiting local legal aid clinics or services provided by the government, which often offer free or low-cost legal assistance to immigrants.

Many countries have specific programmes to help with immigration issues, so inquire about these at local government offices. Reach out to immigrant support organisations and NGOs, as they often provide legal advice and assistance tailored to immigrants.

Universities with law programmes sometimes have legal aid clinics run by law students under supervision, which can be a valuable resource. Contact local bar associations for referrals to lawyers who specialise in immigration law and offer pro bono services.

Then, use online resources and helplines dedicated to immigrant legal aid for guidance and support. Taking these steps will help you navigate the legal system and ensure you have the support you need.

One of the most important resources is the European e-Justice Portal, which outlines the right to legal aid within the EU, ensuring access to justice for those who lack financial resources.

1.European e-justice portal

Accessing healthcare as an immigrant in Europe involves several important steps.

First, it's crucial to understand the healthcare system of the country you reside in, as regulations can vary significantly. Ensure you have legal residency status, which may require a valid visa or residence permit. Register with local healthcare authorities or a healthcare provider, obtaining necessary documentation such as a social security number or health insurance card.

Choose between public healthcare systems, private insurance providers, or a combination, depending on available options. Emergency medical services are generally accessible to all, regardless of residency status.

If language is a barrier, seek assistance from immigrant support organisations or healthcare interpreters. Schedule regular check-ups and utilise preventive care services once registered.

Familiarise yourself with your rights regarding healthcare access, as EU regulations and national laws may afford specific protections.

1.Includ-EU

Europe offers diverse educational opportunities for immigrants, facilitating integration and personal development.

Many countries provide accessible pathways for immigrants to enrol in schools, universities, and vocational training programs. Educational initiatives like Erasmus promote cultural exchange and language learning among students across Europe, fostering mutual understanding. Immigrants can benefit from language courses and integration programmes offered by schools and community centres, enhancing their language skills and social integration.

Scholarships and financial aid options are often available to support immigrant students pursuing higher education. Furthermore, educational institutions in Europe often prioritise inclusivity and diversity, providing a supportive environment for students from various backgrounds to thrive academically and socially.

1.European commission initiative on HE

https://education.ec.europa.eu/education-levels/higher-education/inclusive-and-connected-higher-education/higher-education-for-migrants-and-refugees

2.ERASMUS

https://www.eacea.ec.europa.eu/grants/2021-2027/erasmus_en

As an immigrant in Europe, accessing professional development opportunities can significantly enhance your career prospects and integration into the workforce.

Look into local vocational training centres, universities, and professional associations that offer tailored courses and certifications aligned with industry standards.

Many countries provide apprenticeship programmes and on-the-job training, which can provide practical skills and valuable work experience. Attend networking events, job fairs, and career workshops to expand your professional network and learn about job opportunities.

Seek out mentorship programmes or career counselling services offered by immigrant support organisations or community centres to gain guidance and advice tailored to your needs.

Take advantage of language courses and cultural integration programs to improve communication skills and better understand the local business environment.

By actively participating in these initiatives, you can strengthen your qualifications, build confidence, and pave the way for a successful career in Europe.

A worth mentioning project is “Youth included” (link 1), a European initiative aimed at increasing the participation of young migrants in youth activities to foster integration and social inclusion. Implemented by organisations in Greece, Turkey, and Bulgaria, the project organised events, workshops, and developed practical tools for managing culturally diverse groups.

It identified barriers to participation and provided resources such as a guide for youth workers and a toolkit for immigrant communities. Funded by Erasmus , the project emphasises collaboration between youth and migrant organisations to enhance intercultural understanding and social cohesion.

1.Youth Included

https://migrant-integration.ec.europa.eu/integration-practice/youth-included-european-project-increase-migrants-participation-youth_en

2.Interreg Europe

https://www.interregeurope.eu/project-ideas/future-horizons-career-and-life-skills-for-young-immigrants

To navigate your new life in Europe, connecting with national networks for immigrants can be incredibly beneficial. One key resource is the European Migration Network (EMN), which provides valuable information and support for immigrants across Europe. The EMN works to improve your understanding of immigration laws, policies, and practices in your new country. By engaging with national networks supported by the EMN, you can access essential services such as legal aid, language courses, and employment support tailored specifically for immigrants.

These networks often offer community programmes, cultural orientation sessions, and social integration activities that can help you adapt more smoothly to your new environment. Take advantage of these resources to build a supportive community, find job opportunities, and gain the knowledge you need to thrive in Europe.

Other examples of EU-level network include:

• The European Network of Migrant Women, a migrant-women-led feminist, secular, non-partisan platform that advocates for the rights, freedoms and dignity of migrant, refugee and ethnic minority women and girls in Europe
• Queer European Asylum Network, an umbrella organisation founded in 2019 that brings together NGO practitioners, LGBTQI refugees and activists and academics working on LGBTQI migration and asylum in Europe

1.European Migration Network

https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/networks/european-migration-network-emn_en 

2. The European Network of Migrant Women

https://www.migrantwomennetwork.org/

3. Queer European Asylum Network

https://queereuropeanasylum.org/the-network/

4. List of national and local-level migrant-led structures

As an immigrant in Europe, volunteering can be a valuable way to integrate, learn new skills, and connect with your community. Many organisations and platforms, such as the European Solidarity Corps, offer diverse volunteering opportunities in areas like social services, education, environmental conservation, and cultural projects.

By volunteering, you will improve your language skills, enhance your resume, and build a network of supportive connections. It is also a great way to understand local cultures and customs better, helping you feel more at home. Plus, your efforts will make a positive impact on your new community. Dive into these opportunities and you will find volunteering to be a rewarding experience that enriches your personal and professional life in Europe.

1.European Youth Portal

To immerse yourself in your new community, consider engaging in various cultural activities. Join local festivals and community events to experience the culture first-hand and meet new people. Participate in cultural orientation workshops provided by community centres or immigrant support organisations, which will help you understand local customs and traditions. Museums, libraries, and cultural centres often host programs aimed at integrating young immigrants, offering a chance to learn and engage. Look for language exchange meetups and intercultural exchange programmes, where you can practise the local language and share your own culture with others.

Volunteering in local projects or joining clubs and sports teams are also great ways to integrate and build friendships. By actively participating in these activities, you will gain a deeper understanding of your new home, make meaningful connections, and create a sense of belonging.

1.European Open Cultural Centre